Vitanuova for 2002
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A lot of things have been going on over the course of my trip, so here's a quick update, which necessarily leaves out a lot.

Happy palindromic year, the last such until 2112. A neighbor and I reasoned that about 1/(b^(n/2)) numbers of length n digits in base b are palindromic (although I think that's not exactly right).

I flew into Boston for the vacation and was reminded of Michelle a lot during my brief stay there, because of a memorable trip to that city with her.

I got some interesting Python code from Michael Hudson, who attacked the ZD problem enthusiastically, deploying both mathematical reasoning and programming acumen. Maybe I'll post some of his code here at some point; it came out much more efficient than mine.

It seems that the "Superpolynomial Subexponential Runtimes" song from the RSA patent expiration party is not the earliest example of such a song!

John Gilmore says, in connection with what I wrote about people who feared sound cards on account of the capabilities they gave to the public:

Actually this was the reaction of the telco folks (and the phone phreaks) to the ~1980 introduction of the Apple-Cat // modem by Novation for the Apple II. It could generate and detect touch-tones, and could also detect some sorts of signals on the phone line, like ringing tones or busy signals or voice. This was a 300 baud modem, with a 1200 baud half duplex (Bell 202) mode as a later extra add-on. It didn't even permit general D-to-A or A-to-D on the phone line; all modern modems do that. But it still worried people!

In Northampton, I saw my friend Sarah, who was busy packing most of the time I was around. She left for a year in Ghana as a Fulbright Scholar, and I'm really proud of her! I also saw my friends Maya and Brita, who are doing neat things a little closer to home, and I had a good time all around.

I got a cold while I was out here. Darn.

Ole Craig took me to lunch at Haymarket in Northampton. Thanks, Ole!

That was one stop, as it turned out, in the ritual of eating in many of my favorite Northampton restaurants. I'm still working on the Northampton restaurant circuit tour, and I'll have to come back again to continue it (not that San Francisco doesn't have great places to eat -- these places just have such sentimental value for me).

For the new year, I went off to Eric's house in Hopedale -- for my seventh annual new year celebration with him. This year, we cut back a bit on the technology, although I spent some hours writing a C program which would render the current number of seconds remaining in the year in a bit-mapped font on a text terminal. That was fun. The most impressive part was that I was writing it in ANSI C, in the vi editor, on a Macintosh laptop running Mac OS X. Their Unix implementation is that real and that good -- I had a perfectly functional C compiler, a Bourne shell, and a full set of BSD-style shell utilities.

I was really impressed with how much Unix has gone into Mac OS X. They even have an X server, a GIMP port, and ssh and sshd. I felt right at home in that terminal window, even as various graphical applications were running around me.

My program built a large array, and, converting the seconds count into its component digits, sequentially copied rows from the appropriate digits' bitmap arrays into the larger array. Then the filled part of the larger array was printed out, centered horizontally, after the screen was cleared. It worked great!

We played Monopoly (Eric won, displaying substantial business acumen) and a great game called Cranium which I first encountered at Anirvan's party. It was a small party, but a very nice time. I ate lots of cannoli, as I usually do if they're around.

There's a TradeWars 2002 game starting at dasbistro.com in honor of 2002; to play, just telnet to port 2002 of dasbistro.com.

I had heard something about a car which runs on vegetable oil, but until this trip to Massachusetts, I hadn't actually seen one. My mom and I noticed such a car on the highway around Holyoke; we also noticed that it was going about 70 miles an hour and passing trucks! One of the best parts is the bumper sticker promoting the project: "Drive Vegetarian".

I wrote a little search program for my father's book business so that you can do on-line searches through a portion of his inventory (from his own web site, rather than using ABE or BookFinder).

Danny Yoo has been writing Scheme in Python, and the result is his interpreter PyScheme. It's impressive. It can now run lots of useful things, like

((lambda (x) (list x (list (quote quote) x))) (quote (lambda (x) (list x (list (quote quote) x)))))

which is a Scheme program which prints itself out (a "quine").

I don't watch TV, generally, but my mom got me to watch Crossing Over with John Edward, which was impressive, but didn't really shake my impression that John Edward is a cold reader. Is there anyone today with the stature of Houdini who could go head-to-head with the television mediums by imitating their work?

One of the difficulties is that people who go to appear on John Edward's show are eager to be read by him and enthusiastic when he reads them -- and in general they believe or suspect that he has the ability to do that. So there's a difference between the reaction of a subject who takes the reader seriously as a psychic and the reaction of a subject who's just been told by the reader that the reader is a charlatan.

This alone could make this sort of competition impractical. Houdini could compete on spirit manifestations, because the spirit manifestations could be observed regardless of whether you believed in them, and they had no connection to the mental or emotional state of the participants in a seance. So one medium could produce a particular manifestation and Houdini could produce the same manifestation and then everyone except Arthur Conan Doyle would think that Houdini had debunked the medium. (Doyle, according to Gardner, would conclude instead that Houdini was a medium as well, despite Houdini's protestations to the contrary.)

This pattern doesn't cross over, so to speak, to Edward's style of mediumship. Here so much of the significance is in the subjects' reactions to the readings -- if they exclaim "Yes, my cousin Laura!" or "Oh, yes, that's my wife!" we think that Edward is doing a good job. If they care, we think so all the more. If a skeptical mentalist could do "the same reading", the subjects couldn't sustain the same sort of enthusiasm and interest. For all the power of the suspension of disbelief, we still perceive a difference between watching a play in which firefighters struggle to extinguish a blaze and observing that the theater we're in has just caught fire.

One of the most obvious manifestations of this difference is that almost all of Edward's subjects conceive of themselves as his allies: he's helping them get in touch with their lost loved ones. This is something for which they are profoundly grateful and something for which they may have waited for a long time. Everyone in the show I saw was certainly exhibiting this attitude. There were no challenges to the medium's authority or veracity, no criticism of him, no specific questions from the subjects to test him (Rosabelle, believe!).

I just can't imagine admittedly-fraudulent mediums' subjects showing that same sort of gratitude, co-operation, and encouragement!

Leonard has some pictures from the party; I show up in a few of them. They're funny!

I agree with Sumana's answer to Hofstadter's problem of explaining what it means for a number to be a power of two. (There is no loophole there; an odd number times an odd number always yields another odd number.) Another possibility is to write

prime(x) = not exists a such that exists b such that a!=1 and b!=1 and a*b=x.

power_of_two(b) = not exists f such that exists d such that f!=2 and prime(f) and d*f=b.

To yesterday's "prime(x)" we would need to prepend "x!=1 and".

I took up Martin Pool's long-time recommendation and bought a copy of the CD Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas To Heaven by Godspeed You Black Emperor!, whose name, like Yahoo!'s, contains an exclamation point (according to some people's typographical conventions). It is actually a two-CD set. Parts of it seem very good to me. I still haven't paid enough attention to the second CD, but I really enjoyed the first.

It appears that you can find Godspeed You Black Emperor on the net.

Thanks for going CD-shopping with me, Brita!

I had a bit of a "this day in history" experience while writing a letter in the Logan airport. (I got home OK and am refraining from writing Yet Another Airport Security Commentary in my diary for the time being. If I don't stop myself, I will write something about airport security every single time I get on an airplane, which will be often). Leonard's diary does this for him automatically, and I think that's what prompted Sumana to mention that she met him a year ago.

Thanks to my own web diary, I can look up some of what I was up to a year ago. I was still working for Linuxcare, and I thought that too obvious to mention. I had just written a poem called "Tenebra Appropinquante: A Year 2000 Problem", which I still have and have still not published. (That poem, in turn, looked back at what I was doing in early January 2000, now two years ago.) I was working on a great hardware project (a 480-watt 7-segment incandescent digital display, which was used in counting down to the new year). I received some powerful electrical shocks because I worked on telephone and lighting systems with live current without wearing gloves. My arm injuries were very troubling and very different from what they are today (numbness rather than shoulder pain, for example).

You could try browsing my web diary from a year ago to see what I thought was worth sharing at that point. I hadn't begun this diary (vitanuova), so everything there is originally taken from Advogato.

Mailing a couple of postcards, I flew to San Francisco from Logan via Midway on ATA (famous for being cheap and also for being the only U.S. airline whose name is a Hayes modem command). Midway seems extremely lame and boring compared to O'Hare. For one thing, all the concessions are run by the same company! So for example you might see five shops which sell sandwiches and drinks, but each of the shops is selling exactly the same sandwiches and drinks. At O'Hare, there are artworks on display, there are several different restaurants (although I didn't actually find any I was extremely enthusiastic about), and there's more of a variety of things other than terminals. When you have to spend some hours inside a building waiting, that's helpful.

I promised to forego the security discussion, so I will.

On the planes, I took a nap, and watched most of Along Came a Spider without sound (amazing how you can still understand it -- I once watched The Hot Zone without sound on an airplane and similarly managed to understand it). The only tricky part was the occasional plot twist, because sometimes the details are explained only through dialogue. I also read most of The Fellowship of the Ring, after buying a paperback copy of The Lord of the Rings in an airport bookstore at Midway.

It was amazing that the airport bookstore had almost no books I wanted to buy. Practically everything was either recent novels (trade paperback, mainly mass-market mysteries and thrillers and romances) or self-help or tips for business executives. Is that really all that bookstores sell to "regular people"? I noticed that there were no technical books and no non-fiction about anything (nothing narrative, nothing polemical, nothing historical or critical). What's up with that?

Right before my trip, I bought Bamford's Body of Secrets, which is his updated book about the NSA. So now I have both The Puzzle Palace and Body of Secrets and am strangely unenthusiastic about reading either one. Maybe I have soaked up too much NSA history and passed into a cypherpunk mode in which I only want to hear about contemporary legal and technical issues in privacy and surveillance. On the other hand, one thing that's irritating about many cypherpunks is their lack of knowledge of history -- so I should be sure to avoid the trap of paying attention to the present day to the exclusion of the past.

The ridiculous thing is that I don't even play pool.

Speaking of butterfly effects, my father's friend's decision to drive me all the way to Logan instead of dropping me off at Framingham meant that I waiting longer in the airport, felt more bored, and probably consequently was more likely to buy The Lord of the Rings at Midway (having already written my postcards at Logan, and hence not having them available to write there). This, in turn, will lead to my having read The Lord of the Rings, which may affect things like whether, or to whom, I get married, or how many years I live.

I was thinking about that because...

... I read Einstein's Dreams by Alan Lightman on the first plane. Someone (my father?) got me a signed copy when it came out in 1993, and I'd read it then, but I didn't appreciate it so much at the time. Now I think it's absolutely wonderful. Some portions are extremely Borges (down to Lightman and Borges imagining similar scenarios); in fact, a few of the chapters would have been entirely at home in any Borges short story collection.

One of the themes which persists through the whole book is an admonition to love and take advantage of life and change. The sad characters in the dreams are repeatedly those who shrink from adventure and experience -- although the exact consequences of doing so depend a great deal on the particular world in which they find themselves.

One of the dreams had a Sliding Doors-style sequence in which three different histories befall the same man at once. This and other material in the book serves to make it clear that something like whether you have read The Lord of the Rings or not could actually determine how long you live, and how, and with whom.

As Malcolm X says on that old Printers Inc. bookmark, "People don't realize how a man's whole life can be changed by one book".

Two years ago, there was a report that Xerox color photocopiers would embed a hidden record of each copier's serial numbers into each copy it produced. Although this was fairly widely documented, some people persist in disbelieving it. So today, in the course of a discussion about the IFPI, SIDs, and trade sanctions against the Ukraine, I decided to ask Xerox. Xerox's response clearly indicates that the claims are true:

The Secret Service has the ability to track a particular document to the source equipment that has produced a suspect image. This information is used for criminal investigation purposes only. The Secret Service does not provide this information to private individuals or companies, nor do they allow other parties to access this information. To detail how these anti-counterfeiting systems work would only encourage the illegal acts they are designed to prevent.

Praveen invited me to his friend's place, and we went off to watch The Lord of the Rings, which turned out to be sold out. So we went and had dinner at a place called Golden Era, in the Tenderloin, a vegetarian Vietnamese restaurant to which Wolfgang took me on the last night she lived with me in 1999.

Golden Era is great! Go there for dinner!

After this, Praveen's friend taught me how to play Go.

The famous Moxi (not to be confused with Moxie, though the company's jackets amusingly enough have orange letters on them) revealed itself.

I finished reading The Lord of the Rings.

My right arm got pretty sore again.

We got some unfortunate news at EFF which will probably be announced fairly soon -- and I tried to stay on top of other things.

Biella was back from her vacation, and she and Zack and I went to the BAD meeting in Berkeley, at Au Coquelet on Shattuck.

After that, I talked to Zack for a while, and felt sad, and went back and read some of the poems I wrote in 1998. As always, I was amazed: so, as it says on my wall (thanks, Willow),

quaecumque enim scripta sunt ad nostram doctrinam scripta sunt.

Romans 15:4

(Indeed, all the things that were written beforehand were written in order to teach us.)

I've written some Python code which finds port pairs, among other things, by parsing interrogation-mode dumps. When it's a little cleaner and more capable, I'll publish it.

I'm going to go to MacWorld at the Moscone Center (to work in the EFF booth) and also plan to teach a Python class at EFF in the evening.

A slashdot article mentioned that the CETI project has sent a message into space. I found it was pretty easy to view the message with some Unix tools and a bit of Python, which we can only hope has been invented on other planets. Here's what the message looks like to me -- though I haven't tried to interpret the parts of it which are mathematical and quantitative yet, which would be another good project. Note: there was artificial noise added to this signal. Also note: you need a really wide browser or screen (over 127 characters) to view this properly. (You might also be able to see it by saving it into a text file and then printing it out on a printer using a monospaced font with a small point size.) Also note: there are bitmapped sketches of nude people here. 

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I got a haircut which I'm very happy with.

I spent most of two days at MacWorld Conference and Expo at the Moscone Center, and it was very not bad, although since I don't own a working Mac and usually try to avoid proprietary software, there wasn't that much there which directly appealed to me personally. But the Mac and the Mac community still have a fairly high coolness factor, and I met some interesting people and saw many people I knew.

I did a couple of circuits around the Adobe booth with my EFF hat on and wearing the FSF's "Free All E-Book Readers & Programmers" button pinned to my shirt (although I didn't approach anyone from Adobe). It seems that most Adobe reps there had probably never even heard of Dmitry Sklyarov; in proper perspective, the Adobe e-Book stuff is a tiny portion of the company's business!

"Adobe's booth is about 60 times as large as [EFF's]." "Yes, but their annual budget is much more than 60 times ours, so we're doing pretty well, if you think about it."

I paid particular attention to companies which were selling audio capture or video capture cards, since we hear so much about attempts (or vague unformed desires) to regulate or ban these.

I picked up an iMic for Sarah from Griffin Technology, a cool technology company which was at the show. The iMic is basically a USB sound card, aimed at the Apple iBook and similar laptops which lack a built-in line input. (I think Apple could do more to document the fact that you need something like the iMic if you want to get audio into an iBook.)

The Yellow Dog Linux people were there and gave me a Yellow Dog sticker.

The bad news to which I alluded earlier is that Jon Johansen has been indicted under Norwegian criminal law (in connection with his publication of DeCSS more than two years ago -- or, some say, in connection with the creation of DeCSS even longer ago). There is a free-jon mailing list at EFF now, parallel with free-sklyarov. Yes, Jon really does face prison time if convicted.

Conveniently, EFF had "Free Jon Johansen" bumper stickers printed up in early 2000, and we still had a few of them in the office, so we were able to pass them out at MacWorld.

I made the best thing I've made since I started cooking. Mmmmm. But my cooking is very far from a science and nothing is repeatable; nothing is measured. This particular dish used: organic soba noodles (bought in bulk at Rainbow), sesame oil, House of Tsang stir-fry sauce, soy sauce, green curry paste, tofu, baby corn, fresh garlic. It worked really well.

Jim Tyre wrote 

>Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2002 15:50:44 -0800
>To: Dave Farber <farber@cis.upenn.edu>
>From: "James S. Tyre" <jstyre@jstyre.com>
>Subject: California Public Records Act Reform
>
>[Dave, please consider this for IP.  Thanks.  -Jim]
>
>Fellow Californians with even the slightest interest in reform of the PRA
>(CA state version of FOIA) should pay attention to, support, get the word
>out on SCA 7, a proposed constitutional amendment introduced yesterday in
>the State Senate.
>
>http://info.sen.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sca_7&sess=CUR&house=B&site=sen
>
>The California Supreme Court has said that the public's right to know is a
>fundamental right, entitled to the highest constitutional protections, but
>the Legislature consistently finds ways to weasel around that right, and
>our Governor, Gray Davis, has proven to be a major foe of public access.
>
>"In California, access to government records has been deemed a fundamental
>interest of citizenship."  CBS, Inc. v. Block (1986) 42 Cal.3d 646, 651
>n5.  "Maximum disclosure of the conduct of governmental operations was to
>be promoted by the [Public Records] Act."  Id. at 651-52.
>
>Please help make those words true.  Thank you.
>
>--------------------------------------------------------------------
>James S. Tyre                               mailto:jstyre@jstyre.com
>Law Offices of James S. Tyre          310-839-4114/310-839-4602(fax)
>10736 Jefferson Blvd., #512               Culver City, CA 90230-4969
>Co-founder, The Censorware Project             http://censorware.net
>

For archives see:
http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/

A direct link to the bill's text is also easy to find.

"... but [a particular quantity] is only $50,000,000,000/year."

(Douglas Hofstadter reported a similar quotation somewhere in Metamagical Themas.)

CTY-L has been having a long discussion arising out of an article by Courtney Rubin which talks about life at CTY. Many people felt the article was condescending; I didn't get that impression. OK, some parts are harsh -- but, overall, I found the article touching.

I feel less intimately connected to CTY than some people and I didn't participate in all of the social forms there. For example, I never went to a CTY dance; I never had a CTY girlfriend; I never kissed or hugged anyone at CTY. Socializing there for me was much more intellectual than tactile -- so I remember political debates, Diplomacy, card games, card tricks, shaggy-dog stories, more card games, and hearing about public-key cryptography (and hearing for the first time about the EFF, I believe, unless that was the following year at HCSSiM). I remember cultural things, and they were meaningful to me, but I didn't have a girlfriend, and somehow I have this sense that so many people found CTY meaningful through having a girlfriend and going to a dance.

And I didn't ultimately succeed in staying in touch with people from there, which sometimes seems to be a sign of inadequacy.

EFN held a protest to call for the charges against Jon Johansen to be dropped; there are some pictures from it. (I wasn't there or anything.)

I hope we'll have our own protest here in San Francisco.

I'd had some ambitious plans for travel today on Saturday, but I got caught up with some projects and didn't go anywhere. Zack gave me a hard drive, and I tried to get it working. I'm eventually going to need to re-install. The good parts will then be having network access, big hard drives, a CD-RW drive, and even the ability to compile things locally.

There is a famous song called "Die Gedanken Sind Frei" (German for "The Thoughts Are Free") with a long history and beautiful melody. Wolfgang found me the lyrics a few years ago, and I was very grateful; you can find them these days with Google in a heartbeat, but it was very thoughtful of her. Today Zack found me an actual recording of the song, so I want to learn to sing it. It could come in handy in protests, or (like Galadriel's phial) as "a light to you in dark places, when all other lights go out".

I'm off to L.A. for CPTWG.

"That guy is very clever. I bet if he were working for the good guys, he'd be in jail by now."

CPTWG and BPDG were reasonably interesting, and it was nice to travel with Fred, who put up with all sorts of legal questions about things related and unrelated to CPTWG.

BPDG is on a fast timeline to do things which affect many interests. Their work needs public documentation and public scrutiny quickly.

On the planes, I read most of Software, Shamans, and Spleens (Boyle) and Entertaining Ourselves to Death (Postman). Both are full of fascinating anecdotes. Postman identifies particular things which are wrong with TV, but suggests that the problem isn't necessarily the content of TV programming as much as the expectations and habits we get from TV (such as a short attention span and a difficulty in following subtleties). He tells some amazing stories about the implications of literacy in the past. For example:

The first of the seven famous debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas took place on August 21, 1858, in Ottowa, Illinois. Their arrangement provided that Douglas would speak first, for one hour; Lincoln would take an hour and a half to reply; Douglas, a half hour to rebut Lincoln's reply. This debate was considerably shorter than those to which the two men were accustomed. In fact, they had tangled several times before, and all of their encounters had been much lengthier and more exhausting. For example, on October 16, 1854, in Peoria, Illinois, Douglas delivered a three-hour address to which Lincoln, by agreement, was to respond. When Lincoln's turn came, he reminded the audience that it was already 5 p.m., that he would probably require as much time as Douglas and that Douglas was still scheduled for a rebuttal. He proposed, therefore, that the audience go home, have dinner, and return refreshed for four more hours of talk. The audience amiably agreed, and matters proceeded as Lincoln had outlined.

(Entertaining Ourselves to Death, p. 44)

On the plane coming back, a passenger got into an argument with a flight attendant (as the plane was about to depart the gate). The passenger ended up swearing at the flight attendant, which made the flight attendant decide the kick the passenger off the flight. As soon as the passenger heard that, he got even more upset. "Why do I have to leave? I just want to go to Oakland! Just take me to Oakland!"

The flight attendant said again that the passenger had to leave, and the passenger said he wasn't going anywhere. Immediately, the flight attendant called out to another attendant, who radioed the gate and asked for the police. Within about a minute, a police officer and two baggage handlers had boarded the plane. "Sir, you have to leave the plane right now." "Why do I have to leave? I just want to go to Oakland." "The airline doesn't want you on this flight, so you'd better finish your conversation with them outside, at the gate." "I'm not going anywhere. Why do I have to leave?" "If the airline says that you're off the flight, sir, you're off the flight, and you're going to need to leave the aircraft right now."

"Can we have backup units to gate 4B? Backup units to 4B, please." "Roger, we're on the way."

"Now, how do you want to handle this? If you'll get off now, it's going to be a lot easier than if you wait until they come." "I'm not going anywhere, I just want to go to Oakland. Why can't they just take me up to Oakland?"

The passenger and the police officer continued to argue for about three minutes, and then the police officer picked up his radio again: "Can we have our backup units on 4B right away please?"

Within a few seconds, two more armed police officers and a National Guardsman in combat fatigues carrying an automatic rifle came running down the aisle. The first police officer pointed at the passenger and said something like "This man needs to be off the plane right now"; when the passenger saw the National Guardsman, he said something like "OK, I'm coming" and stood up. As soon as he reached the aisle, the first police officer grabbed his arm; the passenger began to struggle, and the officer became much more forceful. In a quick motion (like a magic trick, as they say), one of the other police officers handcuffed the passenger behind his back (even though nobody had been able to see the handcuffs), and all three officers grabbed hold of him. The Guardsman led the way as the police hustled the man off of the plane (and then one of them, or maybe the baggage handler, started gathering up his carry-on items).

That was the biggest adventure of the day, I suppose, much greater than hearing and inquiring about the various DRM schemes which were being peddled or hashed out in the Renaissance Hotel.

Some book on technology quoted a few of these lines from Blake:

Now I a fourfold vision see
And a fourfold vision is given to me
Tis fourfold in my supreme delight
And three fold in soft Beulahs night
And twofold Always. May God us keep
From Single vision & Newtons sleep

I was thinking a lot about "single vision" over the past couple of weeks. (The book emphasized the "Newtons sleep" part more than the "single vision" part. Blake was extraordinarily unhappy with Newton's vision of the world as a deterministic dynamical system. I remember being excited when I first understood that vision, in a high school physics class -- to us Newton was a hero almost as much as to Blake he was a villain.)

I wrote earlier this month in a brief letter (the second brief letter I sent around the new year) that I used to have the gift of single vision more strongly than it seems I do right now. I did conceive it as a gift, where Blake considered it a curse. But now my single vision seems to be slipping away from me, mainly against my will.

If I should again write an epic poem to match "Existence and Uniqueness", maybe it would be called "Loss of Generality". (I wrote a poem with that title in June of last year, but it wasn't particularly good, or particularly long.)

Don Marti has a plan to make Google searches for "unisys" point searchers to the Burn All GIFs campaign web site, which protests the LZW patent.

One tactic to do this is to get people to make links like Unisys instead of the more conventional Unisys. Another possibility, which seems vaguely less manipulative, would be to write things like Unisys has gotten the U.S. government to give it proprietary control over part of discrete mathematics or help fight the Unisys patent on LZW by making the GIF format obsolete or beware of license fees charged by Unisys on the GIF format or software patentees like Unisys threaten free speech and innovation or Unisys lawyers say that sharing and co-operation are "not the American way". But in general I've been very wary of this approach; it's close in some sense to what Altavista called "spamming the index" (although I'm certainly not creating fraudulent web sites in order to boost something's popularity, as a few porn sites have done). It seems that it might undermine the reliability and accuracy of Google, and that reliability and accuracy is very important.

On the other hand, the enforcement of the LZW patent, and criticisms of the patent, are real and salient facts about Unisys. Don said that his opinion about Unisys was as relevant to web searchers as the opinion of Unisys itself about Unisys, and it's hard for me to dispute that.

Speaking of Google, various challenges have been floating around the Crackmonkey list -- one was to find a set of three words, or two words, which are "common English words" and which together yield no search results at all. The new challenge is to find a set of three words (I would say "not including proper nouns") which yield a single search result which was written by you. Or two words. I found "suadere superstitiores", searching for which on Google leads you to my discussion of "sex".

She wasn't satisfied with hearing that it was the radiation symbol, because she didn't have a feel for what radiation is. That one sort of floored me, because radiation is one of my "basis concepts" that I use to explain other things. (Yes, I think of my scientific knowledge as being spanned by a basis set of conceptual eigenvectors. The basis set idea is also one of my "basis concepts". Yes, I also know that I'm weird.)

(Steve's diary, via Sumana's diary)

Subterfugue is great! It is a Linux program which allows you to intercept and arbitrarily rewrite or alter the system calls made by any other program. It's "strace meets expect" -- it's scriptable in Python. So you can write sandboxes and you can write scripts and very much more. I spent a while playing with it and will probably spend longer soon.

BPDG rather abruply reached public attention on Thursday with a CNet article (which has reached slashdot) closely followed by the EFF BPDG overview (which I wrote on Tuesday night but which we didn't get completely finished until Thursday evening).

Tim O'Reilly of O'Reilly and Associates has written a piece called Open Source and the Obligation to Recycle which talks about the problem of things going out of print -- and software being dropped by vendors and becoming unavailable. O'Reilly argues that there is a kind of obligation to release things which are no longer being sold, so that others can benefit from them, rather than letting them die. (This is especially significant with software, which may be useful long after it is profitable, but not useful long after its copyright expires. The software might be profitable for ten years, useful for thirty, but copyrighted for a century.)

It's wonderful to see publishers thinking along these lines and showing an enthusiasm for the public domain. (I'm happy to say that this is just the kind of thing I'd expect from O'Reilly.)

"Open Source and the Obligation to Recycle" also presents the company-fails or product-is-withdrawn situation as an example of a much broader problem:

Simson [Garfinkel]'s comments [on a company which went under and took its unique and useful software with it] resonated with my own experience, and not just in the software field. I have often lamented restaurants that went out of business leaving me pining for a dish whose recipe I wish they had passed on as a parting gift. I still have my empty bottle of Neoxyn, the only remedy for poison oak rashes that I ever found to work, but which was withdrawn by the manufacturer in the early 1980s "due to lack of market acceptance." My letter to the company asking for the formula went unanswered.

So one concrete thing that Tim O'Reilly is doing to address these problems is releasing ORA's out-of-print books. These include The Future Does Not Compute, which I bought used in hard copy some time last year. You will probably never be able to buy a printed, bound version of The Future Does Not Compute from ORA again, but you can get it on-line.

Speaking of copyright, recycling, and cultural preservation, Nick found oss4lib.org, with information about open source software for libraries and librarians.

I went to Sumana's party on Friday and ended up staying for a long, long time. Sumana's diary has a partial account of what happened there, with good uses of Dar Williams lyrics.

Since you ask, Sumana, your paraphrase of what I said about you is pretty good.

At the party, Zack (whom Sumana calls "The Good Zack of the East" because he lives in the East Bay) gave me some copies of the cartoon "What's Going On?". And he told me about vsound, a virtual sound card for Linux; since that already exists, I don't need to write it. Interestingly, it seems to use the LD_PRELOAD approach (which Zack recommended) instead of the ptrace approach (which I'd be planning to use). ptrace is much more complicated, but LD_PRELOAD seems much easier for "tamper-resistant" software to avoid. (For example, such software can write its own internal version of stdio instead of using stdio from glibc. The RealPlayer could do that -- they could have some <realstdio.h> and corresponding libstdio.a which makes direct calls to the underlying read(2), write(2), open(2) and so on.)

If they did that -- and there's no evidence that they have -- then an LD_PRELOADed library which changed the functions of some selected glibc calls would be totally and permanently useless. But the hypothetical realstdio would still have to make system calls and you could still ptrace it and find out what those system calls were. So the ptrace approach is more resilient if we assume that Real Networks is eventually going to do something to try to make it difficult to capture streams to WAV or MP3 or OGG, instead of just suing people under the DMCA.

As the so-called "DeCSS Haiku" says,

If the player can
decrypt, Wagner has noted,
users can learn how.

Mr. Bad, re demonstrations at Norwegian consulates to free Jon:

(Mi faras mensan noton: trovu vegetaranan recepton por lutefiskon, kun Libera Dokumenta Rajtigo, kaj prefere ne malfacilan prepari per la maldekstra mano.)

(I am making a mental note: find a vegetarian recipe for lutefisk, with a Free Documentation License, and preferably not hard to make left-handed.)

So I guess the Maldekstrulaj Vegetaranaj Esperantistoj por Dmitri may be superseded by the Maldekstrulaj Vegetaranaj Esperantistoj por Jon.

Rick Moen: "Ever wonder why the same people make up all the conspiracy theories?"

Nick found a web site about slide rules.

Happy Martin Luther King Day (Observed).

I went to Berkeley and saw Michelle and Anirvan (who was at work in his new office). Michelle and I ate lunch at the restaurant formerly known as Lotus Vegetarian and Seafood, which is no longer particularly vegetarian at all (but still serves everything on its old vegetarian menu). I kept Michelle up pretty late, and so my schedule was shifted off a bit and I didn't get to see Anirvan for too long. His new office is in a very central location, right near the Berkeley BART, right near The Other Change of Hobbit. Thus people who work there will have no difficulty getting places or science fiction books.

Michelle's sister Nicol has offered to take me to Disneyland next time I come to the L.A. area for CPTWG. I think I'll take her up on that. I've never actually been to Disneyland. I will try to bring some "Free Mickey" buttons (Eldred v. Reno memorabilia) and perhaps a copy of Copyrights and Copywrongs).

I managed to get a 2002 calendar, which has some nature scenes from New England.

Studios Spur Measures to Thwart Video Piracy, from the L.A. Times. Plays up the mandate part (good), plays down home recording implications (bad).

This requires JavaScript, but you can rate yourself to find out how receptive to Fascism you are (the "F Scale"). I found this via an article on Kuro5hin. (I tried it, but then my browser didn't have JavaScript support, so I wasn't able to find out my score.)

After on-line quizzes to rate one's self for Fascism-positive attitudes, how long will it be until we see amifascistornot.com?

The L.A. Times article I mentioned yesterday has this big problem: it says that the proposal would

use electronic tags within a digital TV broadcast to dictate whether a program could be copied through the Net.

OK, but since the Net doesn't have an architecture which allows you to do that, the tags in question would actually dictate whether you could record a program digitally at all in an open and interoperable format (without copy controls). The Internet DRM Magic feature in which the Internet obeys policies about "whether a program could be copied" is kind of on the same level as the e-mail from Bill Gates which can track its recipients.

Anyway, there have been around three big news stories and a few little news stories about BPDG, which is infinitely more than there were before we started our effort to publicize what BPDG was up to -- or, if you want to be precise, three times as many as there were before we started that effort, because the CNet article did come out before our analysis.

That analysis is now the first hit in a Google search for "broadcast protection". As Brad Templeton observed, EFF's web site has more Google juice (he calls it "Google points") than almost any other.

... on Thursday, the EFF claimed that the companies have formed a consortium known as the Broadcast Protection Discussion Group to develop technical standards for new digital recorders. It noted that, once agreed upon, the specifications could become part of laws requiring them to be applied to all digital hardware. The EFF noted that if similar standards had been decreed in the past, they would have blocked the introduction of the VCR and the photocopier.

(StudioBrief, January 18, 2002)

(I'm proud of that, but you know you're a low-budget or tight-deadline wire service when you can't even confirm whether BPDG really exists. Here, if you want to know about the existence straight from the horse's mouth, LMI tells you how to join BPDG's mailing list -- which is not to say that you'll actually be allowed to.)

"We're from the Enlightenment, and we're here to help you."

I wrote Sumana a message about communication or something like that. I also sent batteries to Michelle, a copy of "What's Going On?" to Wolfgang, and to Sarah in Ghana an iMic. I'm tempted to send other things to people in the mail (maps, postcards, playing cards).

It's been really cold out here!

I managed to clean up my room quite a bit.

I had a dream that I was back in high school and taking a chemistry class. The teacher explained something about reaction rates or some other rate thing, and assigned us eight or ten homework problems. So I got home and looked at them and found them extremely boring and didn't do them. Then the dream followed me for over an hour as I made the effort to get in to school. (The funny thing was that it combined parts of San Francisco public transit and the actual school van that I rode to school in high school. Also, the schedule was much more flexible than my actual high school's schedule -- I wasn't expected to arrive on campus at any particular time and the consequences of missing class were apparently not very severe.)

I spent all that time worrying about whether the teacher would be unhappy that I didn't do the homework. She was. I had a whole discussion with her about this. She insisted that I had to do the homework because it was a rule, and I insisted that the homework was boring and that I'd known how to do all these problems since freshman calculus 8 years ago or more.

We burned our beds and books
We fear we've lost the fire

(Dar Williams, "And a God Descended"; the transcription I linked to is bogus because it says "and the reason ended" instead of "and the real time ended")

So Congress responded to this claim by Hollywood that something had to be done by passing this regulation. Armed with this regulation, we've now seen lawyers spinning out across the world -- literally the world -- attacking every single technology that does what -- that disables the ability of existing interests to control how distribution will occur. Whenever there's a technology, whenever there's a way that disables control, they've used the legal system to quash it. Whenever there's a technology that has a different way of thinking about distribution of content, they've used the legal system to quash it. Their single idea has been to send a message, as Hilary Rosen quite frankly said in describing the purpose of the Napster case, to send a message to venture capitalists in this valley: the message is: unless we approve, your idea will not be permitted. It will not be allowed.

(original: Lessig)

... you're writing to a prospective intern who speaks Latin, and you try to write "tempora proponere potest" [she can suggest times] and it keeps coming out "tempora proponere protest".

PyScheme 1.0 was released. So was UNIX.

Steve explains that quinine is why gin and tonic fluoresces under ultraviolet light (among other things). There is an extremely funny anecdote about Jonas Klein and that fact, but I was told that I'm not allowed to tell it.

Quines, on the other hand, are not why gin and tonic fluoresces under ultraviolet light.

Jim Tyre answered my question about a Library of Congress claim of copyright in its catalogue:

Despite the seemingly clear language of 17 USC 105, it has been interpreted to deny copyright protection to U.S. Gov't works only within the U.S., not worldwide. The idea is that because most other governments do copyright their original works, there is no good policy reason for the U.S. to give more than what it or its citizenry gets.

"Hofstadter should just have thought up Lisp; it would have made his self-reference examples much easier."

Fred certainly manage to get the BPDG members thinking today...

If I had a car, I would want to put a "GNU Radio" sign in the window.

I cleaned up a lot more, and also cooked. Green curry, hoisin sauce.

The bleach really managed to get rid of a lot of the mildew on our bathroom walls.

Sumana says:

It takes practice to remember/comprehend, for example, that "if p then q" is equivalent to "p only if q," but I have it almost down now.

I remember having some debates at CTY about the interpretation of "if p then q"; for one thing, it seemed that the formal logic definition was different from ordinary uses of "if". The canonical example was something like this:

Your mom says "If it doesn't rain, I'll take you to the park". Then it rains, and she doesn't take you to the park. Did she speak the truth?

The formal logic conclusion, which is very sensible, is that she did speak the truth: if it didn't rain, she took you to the park. (To add a Hempel kind of twist: it's equally true that, if it didn't rain, she took you to Jamaica, and that, if it didn't rain, she didn't take you to the park, and that, if it didn't rain, she killed you.)

Some people would worry about your mom's intentions or prospects or abilities, though. So she might have been lying in the sense of trying to mislead you about what she intended to do. Maybe she never meant to take you to the park at all, no matter what, and in that case isn't it a little strange to say that her promise came out true when she was deliberately deceiving you all along?

Some of the difficulty here comes from deeper conceptual problems with assigning truth values to statements in the future tense. For example, if I say "I will come to your house tomorrow", there are many possible interpretations about the truth value:

If I ... don't intend to come, and subsequently don't come, or
If I ... don't intend to come, but subsequently come, or
If I ... intend to come, but subsequently don't come, or
If I ... intend to come, and subsequently come, or
If I ... have no idea whether I will come, and subsequently come, or
If I ... have no idea whether I will come, and subsequently don't come,

then was the statement true when I made it, false when I made it, or did it have no particular truth value when I made it? Is it true now, or false now?

I remember lots of situations where people promised things and then didn't do them, but felt that they hadn't lied because they'd actually meant or tried to perform the acts they promised. I can't think of anywhere else where mental states matter quite so much. In fact, we tend to distinguish between the case where you are trying to deceive someone (you believe not x, but assert x) and the case where you are mistaken (you believe not x, and assert not x, but actually x). For some purposes, "true" and "false" don't seem to be quite adequate.

Smullyan alludes to some interesting problems by including in his words both truth-tellers (who always assert what they believe) and liars (who always assert what they disbelieve), and both sane people (who believe every truth and no falsehoods) and insane people (who believe every falsehood and no truths). These categories are a little extreme, but, like all of Smullyan's devices, serve some useful purpose.

Anyway, implication or entailment is a tricky thing. You can do fine and go far in formal logic just by remembering the truth table: 

p q  p implies q
----------------
F F  T
F T  T
T F  F
T T  T

and in fact this is extremely useful in logic and mathematics in general because it lets you make deductions from theorems, and also do proofs by contradiction and other nice things. So in the world of deduction, this use of "if" and "then" is not so bad at all.

But entailment in talking about the future gets into strange worries about possible worlds; maybe I should study modal logic in order to have a better vocabulary for talking about that. The passage of time confuses and complicates many issues.

(Speaking of Logic!)

Aber er tat es nicht, sondern drehte den noch freien Hals und sah umher. Vollständig konnte er sich nicht bewähren, alle Arbeit den Behörden nicht abnehmen, die Verantwortung für diesen letzten Fehler trug der, der ihm den Rest der dazu nötigen Kraft versagt hatte. Seine Blicke fielen auf das letzte Stockwerk des an den Steinbruch angrenzenden Hauses. Wie ein Licht aufzuckt, so fuhren die Fensterflügel eines Fensters dort auseinander, ein Mensch, schwach und dünn in der Ferne und Höhe, beugte sich mit einem Ruck weit vor und streckte die Arme noch weiter aus. Wer war es? Ein Freund? Ein guter Mensch? Einer, der teilnahm? Einer, der helfen wollte? War es ein einzelner? Waren es alle? War noch Hilfe? Gab es Einwände, die man vergessen hatte? Gewiß gab es solche. Die Logik ist zwar unerschütterlich, aber einem Menschen, der leben will, widersteht sie nicht. Wo war der Richter, den er nie gesehen hatte? Wo war das hohe Gericht, bis zu dem er nie gekommen war? Er hob die Hände und spreizte alle Finger.

(The Trial)

I should learn German. Here is the Modern Library version:

But he did not do so, he merely turned his head, which was still free to move, and gazed around him. He could not completely rise to the occasion, he could not relieve the officials of all their tasks; the responsibility for this last failure of his lay with him who had not left him the remnant of strength necessary for the deed. His glance fell on the top story of the house adjoining the quarry. With a flicker as of a light going up, the casements of a window there suddenly flew open; a human figure, faint and insubstantial at that distance and that height, leaned abruptly far forward and stretched both arms still farther. Who was it? A friend? A good man? Someone who sympathized? Someone who wanted to help? Was it one person only? Or was it mankind? Was help at hand? Were there arguments in his favor that had been overlooked? Of course there must be. Logic is doubtless unshakable, but it cannot withstand a man who wants to go on living. Where was the Judge whom he had never seen? Where was the High Court, to which he had never penetrated? He raised his hands and spread out all his fingers.

Kjea is visiting. She is neat. Our apartment is neat, too, now, in a different sense.

I stayed up extremely late and got my room cleaned up. It's amazing; it's practically unprecedented!

"TVC will be filing a series of class-action lawsuits against libraries refusing to filter pornography from their computers."

I wonder if there's a realistic way to turn this around and produce a similar level of public comment and outcry against censorship. Probably not, because the view that libraries shouldn't use censorware was polling -- if I remember correctly -- somewhere below 30%. Of course, it all depends on how you ask the question; if you include the word "pornography", censorware polls much higher, and if you include the word "censorship", much lower. If you mention incidents in which people used libraries to seek sexual gratification, it again polls higher; if you mention incidents in which people were prevented from using libraries to do research, or to find supportive communities, I hope it polls lower. (You could also mention political biases, and so on, but some people consider censoring gays and Communists a feature.)

Outside of the EEOC business, the court results on this issue so far have been positive: a lawsuit seeking to compel a library to use censorware was unsuccessful, and a lawsuit seeking to compel a library not to use censorware was successful. (Yes, I know that's a bit of an oversimplification, Jim.)

I'm sure I've mentioned before the amusing situation that we have the position that libraries may use censorware, must use censorware, and must not use censorware, and that I've seen all three views represented on a single panel.

The activity of searching for word pairs on Google which give particular kinds of results is called Googlewhacking, and it seems to be evolving and expanding.

I'm still working on some software to help TW2002 players. Currently, I've written a telnet client in Python which allows you to download an interrogation mode dump of intersector warps and port reports, and another Python script which allows you to analyze that data for port pairs and for dead ends (also called "cul-de-sacs" or "chimneys", especially when they are multi-sector dead ends).

The latest features include the ability for several teammates on a corp to send their logs to a central location for combined processing, which may lead to more port pairs being discovered (if two members have each visited different sectors which together make up a pair).

Isenberg, noted advocate of the end-to-end model on the Internet, has come out with an essay on The Best Network (no, it's not about Best Internet, now part of Verio). He laments that the best network for consumers, which has features like end-to-end connectivity, is not the most profitable for ISPs.

Isn't there a general problem there around things like planned obsolescence? interoperability? and in particular vendor-independence? For example, free software allows anyone to fix bugs; proprietary software requires the original vendor to fix them. To some extent, vendors have an incentive to provide software that only they can maintain; it provides them with a stronger guarantee of future revenues.

In the same way, network service providers have an incentive to provide non-generic connectivity so that people can't just switch to another ISP and get the same service. AOL has gotten rich doing this (among other things). One of the things many technical people hate about AOL is the fact that you can't switch and that it's proprietary; a reputable ISP would never try to trap you by offering its own non-IETF protocols and so on, or so we imagine. But, strangely, many people don't mind the loss of generality, even like it, even claim to prefer it.

Almost two years ago, I mentioned "the consequences [...] of saying 'I tend to be attracted to people who are [...]'". I could mention some of those consequences -- but one is a sort of loss of generality, I think. There are different kinds of "generality": one is the quality of being true in many or all circumstances, or possible worlds. Another is the quality of being true of many or all objects. So there is the generality of the Borges story in which

"In every one," I pronounced, not without a tremble to my voice, "I am grateful to you and revere you for your re-creation of the garden of Ts'ui Pên."

and then again there is the generality of a theorem:

for all a: for all b: for all c: for all d: if a*b=c*d and a is prime and b is prime, then c=1 or d=1 or c=a or c=b.

This project continues to be very interesting. If I had a few thousand dollars to spare, I might want to buy an ADC card and try out this code. Some year soon, hams may begin to give way to programmers, for "everything wants to be software".

There are an amazing number of vendors of ADCs and DACs out there. It's really a whole industry that does a brisk and competitive business. I'm now on a quest for an ADC with "a 10+ bit converter and 20-25 million samples per second" being sold for under $1,300. Oh, and it's got to have a PCI interface. If you're reading this and you happen to know of one, please let me know, unless you're an adversary who isn't allowed to share useful information with me.

When the proper software is out there -- and it's probably GNU Radio or a related project -- there may be an interesting political struggle over access to fast generic ADCs. We're hearing all the time that the more radical elements in some of the copyright industries don't want the public to have that capability, unless it comes with DRM (e.g. "watermark detection" or, for the special case of NTSC, "Macrovision detection"). I guess it's a good thing that "data acquisition" or "sampling" is such a big industry, because those have a way of avoiding being abruptly legislated out of existence, even when they make things like addictive carcinogens.

Someone, either Lessig or someone on dvd-discuss, likes to point out that devices specifically designed to kill people (handguns) are legal, even while other devices (and even speech acts) are banned because they might facilitate copyright infringements. This is not meant as an argument that handguns should be banned, but it should highlight the difficulties that legislation in the U.S. has in making up its mind about how the liability or responsibility of a manufacturer for abuse of a products should work.

(This message hasn't been approved by the moderator yet and might not appear on the Cryptography list.) 

Date: Sat, 26 Jan 2002 23:22:33 -0800
From: Seth David Schoen <schoen@loyalty.org>
To: cryptography@wasabisystems.com
Subject: Limitations of limitations on RE/tampering (was: Re: biometrics)

Carl Ellison writes:

> -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
> Hash: SHA1
> 
> At 03:55 PM 1/26/2002 -0500, Perry E. Metzger wrote:
> >
> > [quoting a third poster]
> >> but all these absolutes in
> >> the comments are just too simplistic. Devices can be made as
> >> tamper-resistant as the threat- and value-model required.
> >
> >No, they can't. That's an engineering hope, not an engineering
> >reality. The hope you're expressing is that "well, maybe we can't
> >make it impossible to break this design, but we can make it cost
> >more to
> >break the system than breaking it will bring the bad guy, and we can
> >do that without said tamper-resistance costing us more than we can
> >afford."
> 
> I've heard rumor of an effort a while back to layer Thermite into a
> printed circuit board, so that a machine could self-destruct in case
> of tampering.  I doubt it ever got reviewed by OSHA, however. :)

I'm curious about the theoretical limits of tamper-resistance and
reverse-engineering resistance.  Clearly, at any given moment, it's
an arms race.  But who is destined to win it in the long run?

I was very interested in a result which Prof. Steven Rudich of CMU
told me about -- the non-existence of obfuscators.  There is a
research paper on this:

http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/barak01impossibility.html
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~rudich/papers/obfuscators.ps

"[A]n obfuscator O [...] takes as input a program (or circuit) P and
produces a new program O(P) that has the same functionality as P yet is
'unintelligible' in some sense. [...]  Our main result is that, even
under very weak formalizations of the above intuition, obfuscation is
impossible."

Rudich said that his collaborators' impossibility proof hadn't stopped
commercial software vendors from continuing to develop obfuscation
techniques, but that's not surprising.  (I do enjoy mentioning this
impossibility proof whenever I hear about obfuscation, though.)

The result applies both to software obfuscation and to circuit
obfuscation.  (I need to think a bit more about its scope.  As I
understand it, there _do_ exist obfuscated programs -- which perform
a function but which can't be "understood" -- but there are just no
reliable algorithmic techniques for obfuscating an arbitrary piece of
code.)

Now, programs can attempt to tell whether they're being run under
debuggers, but, at least in open-source operating systems, there's no
ultimately reliable way to decide.  When you ask the operating system
"am I traced?", it can just say "no".  Simulators and debuggers are
becoming a lot more sophisticated, and there's no indication that
"software protection" is any more effective now than it was in the
1980s.  (The DMCA has made it more "effective" in a certain sense,
by creating, as Judge Kaplan said, "a moat filled with litigators
rather than alligators".)  There are also really cool things like
Subterfugue:

http://www.subterfugue.org/

But this obviously doesn't say anything about tamper-resistance at a
physical level, in hardware, because of devices which can destroy
themselves, whether with thermite or with some active tamper-detection
circuit, when they "believe" that some probing activity has exceeded a
particular threshold.  Software simply can't do that unless it can
communicate with some tamper-proof authority (a hardware dongle or a
revocation entity).

On the other side, probing and imaging techniques have been getting
more sophisticated all the time.  Medical technology has produced all
kinds of non-invasive scanners (CT, MRI, SPECT, PET, etc.) and
researchers have been using microscopes to look inside of many
"tamper-proof" smart cards.  A device which carries its own power
supply can _try_ to detect that it's been scanned (the equivalent of
software detecting that it's being traced or running on a virtual
machine), and certainly many of the medical imaging techniques use
some sort of active irradiation or otherwise provide a lot of energy
which a device could detect (assuming there's no way to disable the
device's power supply or otherwise destroy the tamper-detection logic).
So maybe devices could be made 

I understand that the state of the art in hardware favors the reverse
engineers in most cases, but a lot of people still have confidence in
the ability of hardware engineers to create genuinely tamper-resistent
devices.  And some people believe in particular contemporary designs
and products.

A couple of years ago, I heard about a technique called
interaction-free measurement, which uses quantum physics to measure or
photograph/image an object _without touching it or interacting with it
in any way_ (from the point of view of classical physics); this was
colloquially called "seeing in the dark" because no light or other
electromagnetic radiation need end up being incident on the target
object.

http://cornell.mirror.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v58/i1/p605_1

Does IFM justify the conclusion that tamper-resistance in hardware
will never be achieved?  (There could still be an arms race over
costs and benefits.)

Isn't it great that there is an FTC commissioner named Orson Swindle?

It is clear that political issues divide into consumer issues that bring in the votes, and corporate issues that bring in the money. [...]

(Thomas Veatch, "Explaining the Mystery of Election Parity")

In the proposed final judgment: 

               J. No provision of this Final Judgment shall:
    1. Require Microsoft to document, disclose or license to third
       parties: (a) portions of APIs or Documentation or portions or
       layers of Communications Protocols the disclosure of which would
       compromise the security of a particular installation or group of
       installations of anti-piracy, anti-virus, software licensing,

, encryption or authentication systems, including without limitation, keys, authorization tokens or enforcement criteria; or (b) any API, interface or other information related to any Microsoft product if lawfully directed not to do so by a governmental agency of competent jurisdiction. 2. Prevent Microsoft from

the licensee: (a) has

, (b) has a

for the API, Documentation or Communications Protocol for a planned or shipping product, (c) meets

, (d) agrees to submit, at its own expense, any computer program using such APIs, Documentation or Communication Protocols to

identified in this paragraph.

The remedy does address some big-deal issues around OEM licensing (preventing Microsoft from preventing OEMs from shipping machines without Windows), although it doesn't touch shrinkwrap licensing at all. (It's hard to imagine that coming up in an antitrust case.) So the "Windows Refund" issue is completely passed over; there is no discussion of the status of people who buy computers which come with Windows and won't accept the Windows license.

I've joined the GNU Radio mailing list, discuss-gnuradio.

On a parallel tangent (is there any other kind?), I wonder whether there is a way to get started with FPGAs and VHDL using only free software.

I cooked dinner for Zack and Kjea, and they really liked what I made. I liked it, too! My cooking is repetitive but not consistent; this dish contained sesame oil, House of Tsang stir-fry sauce, garlic, yellow curry paste, soy sauce, sesame seeds, tofu, a red bell pepper, bamboo shoots, baby corn, water chestnuts, basil, curry powder, and garam masala. There was also some brown basmati rice with some Vietnamese chili garlic sauce.

One person who has written lots about cooking in her weblog is Deb.

Linking to her makes me wonder about the number of links away I am from various people; for example, Deb links to CamWorld which links to Crummy which links to me.

There is a software company in Japan (I think) called Garam Masala.

When I was laid off, I remember wondering whether the WARN Act applied to high-tech companies' layoffs and concluding that it probably didn't, because nobody was mentioning it. Perhaps they just hadn't heard about it. I know lots of people at companies which apparently had "mass layoffs" under the meaning of that Act, and nobody who received an advance notification. Usually these technology startups (perhaps unlike factories) didn't know what their financial position would be in 60 days. The decision to make the layoffs was definitely often formed on shorter time scales than that.

(From a Crackmonkey post.)

So, which gates (single-valued Boolean logic relations) with n inputs are universal?

There are 2^2^n such gates, and I know some specific cases of universal and non-universal gates, but not an efficient way to determine whether an arbitrary gate is universal.

For n=1, the gate {0: 0, 1: 1} is not universal, and {0: 1, 1: 0} is universal.

For n=2, the gates are 

{00: 0, 01: 0, 10: 0, 11: 0}    # ZERO
{00: 0, 01: 0, 10: 0, 11: 1}    # AND
{00: 0, 01: 0, 10: 1, 11: 0}    # NOTIMP (NOT (A IMP B))
{00: 0, 01: 0, 10: 1, 11: 1}    # A
{00: 0, 01: 1, 10: 0, 11: 0}    # NOTRIMP
{00: 0, 01: 1, 10: 0, 11: 1}    # B
{00: 0, 01: 1, 10: 1, 11: 0}    # XOR
{00: 0, 01: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1}    # OR
{00: 1, 01: 0, 10: 0, 11: 0}    # NOR
{00: 1, 01: 0, 10: 0, 11: 1}    # XNOR
{00: 1, 01: 0, 10: 1, 11: 0}    # NOTB
{00: 1, 01: 0, 10: 1, 11: 1}    # RIMP  (B IMP A)
{00: 1, 01: 1, 10: 0, 11: 0}    # NOTA
{00: 1, 01: 1, 10: 0, 11: 1}    # IMP
{00: 1, 01: 1, 10: 1, 11: 0}    # NAND
{00: 1, 01: 1, 10: 1, 11: 1}    # ONE

and I know that 5 are universal (AND, OR, XOR, XNOR, IMP) and 6 are not (ZERO, ONE, A, B, NOTA, NOTB, AND, OR) and I don't know about the other 3. (By symmetry, RIMP must be.)

What does it mean for a gate to be universal? It means that, by applying it to itself in various ways, you can produce any other gate. For example, to produce NOT from NAND, you can do X NAND X=NOT X. And then you can get AND: NOT (X NAND Y)=X AND Y. And OR: NOT((NOT X) AND (NOT Y))=X OR Y. (Thanks, DeMorgan.) And now XOR: (X AND NOT Y) OR (Y AND NOT X). And XNOR: NOT (X XOR Y). And IMP: NOT (X AND NOT Y). Anyway, that's just one example -- the universality of NAND. But how to we know if an arbitrary gate is universal? How many gates with n inputs are universal?

Professor Nozick, too, alas, is late
Who with his wit could once critique the State.
He couldn't quite praise anarchy:
Timor mortis conturbat me.

The obituary from Harvard is interesting. Someone else on Politech submitted a recent interview with Nozick.

RN: Yes, and libertarianism never really claimed that all of ethics was exhausted by what could be enforced, by what one could legitimately be coerced to do or not do. That's the political, interpersonal realm that libertarian principles were about, not what might be the highest ethical aspiration.

I went to Berkeley and visited Sumana and Michelle. Thanks for your hospitality, you two!

I also tried to get my passport renewed, and was told that an expired passport wasn't sufficient ID for purposes of getting a new passport, contrary to what the State Department's web site told me. Oh, well. Now I have to dig around and see if I have any other sort of ID which might help. (I don't think I have my LBL ID any more, although that would be ideal. I used to be able to fly with that, and I'd probably still be able to fly with it if I still had it!)

This was a lot of fun because it had the feel of a real situation room like you see in movies (except for the big dice on the screen).

(Leonard Richardson plays Risk -- as seen on TV!)

Magnus Bodin has an interesting web site.

I wrote this Python program which lets you experiment with logic gates. I see two interesting problems. First, the memory use and processor time associated with generating exhaustive lists of gates is pretty substantial. Second, and closely related to that, there are a lot of gates! With zero inputs, there are two gates; with one input, there are four; with two inputs, sixteen; with three inputs, 256; with four inputs, 65536. Each input you add squares the number of gates which are possible! I've managed to use this code to generate an exhaustive list of the 65536 four-input gates, but I stopped there, because the next step is the 2^32 or 4294967296 gates of five inputs. But the program can also produce an arbitrary gate efficiently, without actually enumerating every single gate of a particular size.

Yay for nested_scopes! Boo to the old Python scope rules!

Now if only we could get other things to happen via "from __future__ import". "from __future__ import world_peace"; "from __future__ import cancer_cure"; "from __future__ import dmca_repeal"; "from __future__ import all_the_wonder_that_would_be". 

#!/usr/bin/python

from __future__ import nested_scopes
import math, string, sys

try:
	BITS = string.atoi(sys.argv[1])
except:
	BITS = 2

BINARY = {}

def binary(n):
	""" Return a list containing the binary numbers of n digits, in
	order, as string. """
	if n:
		smaller = binary(n-1)
		left = map(lambda s: "0"+s, smaller)
		right = map(lambda s: "1"+s, smaller)
		return left + right
	else:
		return [""]

def bits(x):
        """ Return a list containing the representation of x as a sum
        of powers of two. """
        temp, val = [], 1L
        while x:
                x, bit = divmod(x,2)
                temp = temp + [val]*bit
                val = val * 2
        return temp

def binary_tuple(n, b=BITS):
	""" Return a tuple containing, in order, b integers representing
	the individual bits in the binary repreesntation of the integer
	n.  Uses a teeny tiny bit of memoization. """
	if BINARY.has_key(b):
		return tuple(map(int, BINARY[b][n]))
	else:
		BINARY[b] = binary(b)
		return binary_tuple(n, b)

def gate(x, b=BITS):
	""" Return a dictionary reprenting the logic gate which returns
	1 when its b inputs are -- interpreted as a binary integer --
	equal to the place-value of some bit asserted in the binary
	representation of x.  Equivalently, it is the logic gate which,
	when the values in its truth table are written in their standard
	order and then read bottom-to-top, yields the binary
	representation of x.  This allows all possible single-valued
	binary functions of b bits to be represented in order as
	integers from 0 to (2**(2**b))-1.  gate(0) is the all-0
	function and gate((2**(2**b))-1) is the all-1 function. """
	D = {}
	for t in range(2L**b):
		D[binary_tuple(t, b)] = 2L**t in bits(x)
	return D

def all_gates(b=BITS):
	""" Return all possible gates with 1 output and b binary
	inputs. """
	right_sized_gate = lambda x: gate(x, b)
	return map(right_sized_gate,range(2**(2L**b)))

Tomorrow: how to use this code.

I'm making up some new cards for the game Taboo. (I wonder what kind of copyright, trademark, or patent claims its publisher might have and whether they might affect people who do related or follow-on game authorship.)

(I would quote these in Hebrew if I had a Hebrew font.)

[Elazar Ha-Kappar] used to say: Those born will die, and the dead will live, and the living will be judged -- so that they might know and teach and learn that...

(Pirke Avot 4:29)

(But) sing a song to love, and not to victories.

(Yaakov Rotblit, "Shir La-shalom")

I learned how to use nested scopes. It's too bad that Python didn't have them before! As explained at http://www.norvig.com/python-lisp.html,

Python Pre-2.1 did not have lexical scopes. In Python before version 2.1 there were only two variable scopes per module: global scope and function scope. In Python 2.1, released in April 2001, if you do "from __future__ import nested_scopes", you add a third scope, block nested scope. In Python 2.2, this is the default behavior. Without nested scopes you are allowed to nest a function definition (or a lambda) within another, but the inner function can only reference global variables, not the variables of the outer function.

I taught another Python class at EFF. It's a lot of fun to teach people to program in Python.

Using my logic gates code, and assuming you start with BITS=3, you can do things like 

> >>> xor_gate = gate(150)
> >>> print xor_gate[(0, 1, 1)]
> 0
> >>> xor = lambda x: xor_gate[x]
> >>> print map(xor, map(binary_tuple, range(8)))
> [0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1]

A huge amount is known about Boolean functions, and I don't know most of it.

I found Cox's conjecture very interesting: the hardest-to-realize Boolean function of n variables using AND and OR (and starting with the values and their complements) is the n-input XOR. This seems very plausible, but I don't know how to prove it.

I'm sure PLD people are still studying efficient ways of realizing Boolean truth tables.

The AT&T telemarketers are really persistent, and don't seem to keep any record of whom they spoke to, or when, or what they heard. So I've personally gotten over a dozen calls from them. And I've now explained for the third time that we don't have a default long-distance carrier at all, and we select one each time we want to make a long-distance call. So therefore we aren't willing to adopt AT&T or anyone else as our default carrier.

However often I explain that, and also talk about VarTec's lower-than-AT&T long distance rates, AT&T keeps calling me back as though they've never spoken with me before.

"The most important thing we want to do is be true to our own values in football, which we believe are the values reflected and brought to bear more broadly in our society," he said.

(NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue)

It's been a long time since I experienced the wonders of seismology puns, but this appeared in Sumana's diary:

Matt told us that one could drive to Half Moon Bay to cross from one tectonic plate to another. I asked whether he enjoys doing that. "Yes," he said. "To a fault."

Happy Groundhog Day.

The real and imaginary parts of impedance are called resistance and reactance while the real and imaginary parts of admittance (the reciprocal of impedance) are called conductance and susceptance.

(Jon B. Hagen, Radio Frequency Electronics: Circuits and Applications)

Maybe I should go back to college.

Later on, Hagen says:

Digital processing of the IF signal makes it possible to realize any desired filter amplitude and phase response. Good performance requires sufficient processing power (available in general-purpose digital signal processor (DSP) chips) and high-speed high-resolution analog-to-digital converters. The prospoed standard for advanced television (ATV) requires substantial digital processing at the receiver, not only for obviously digital tasks (decoding, etc.) but also for signal processing, such as adaptive multipath signal cancellation.

Some people seem still not to believe this today!

... you write to Rachel and she responds, so to speak, by turning up in your supermarket forty minutes later.

... or when you have a dream about Wolfgang and she wakes you up by calling you.

Seen in an old edu-sig post:

"We have to reinvent the wheel every once in a while, not because we need a lot of wheels; but because we need a lot of inventors." - Bruce Joyce

(quoted by Jeffrey Elkner, who attributes it to the book Discovering Geometry)

He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the compiler was not.

Richard Stallman, in Open Sources

slashdot had a link to an interesting piece about space elevators (which I'm used to calling orbital towers). It seems that they might be feasible.

If you had to climb to LEO under your own power -- as by walking up stairs -- but you could rest at any point -- it would take under four years, assuming that you could climb the height of the Empire State Building each day. Food, oxygen, and restrooms are serious problems, as is temperature -- considering how difficult it is to climb Mt. Everest, which is just about 2% of the way to LEO. But it would be very rewarding! You could climb up the tower, coming out there other end, so to speak, four years older, much stronger, very hungry, and receiving an "I climbed most of the way out of the Earth's potential well and all I got was this lousy t-shirt" or "I gave myself 400 megajoules of gravitational potential energy and all I got was this lousy t-shirt" or "I accelerated myself into low Earth orbit and all I got was this lousy t-shirt" shirt.

(OK, so that 400 megajoules calculation is bogus -- it's based on multiplying the minimum energy used to climb the Empire State Building by the ratio between an estimate of LEO height and the Empire State Building's height. Since the Earth's gravity falls off as you get higher, though, it's actually much easier as you go -- so you could climb faster and with less energy expenditure and acquire less potential energy. I should do the integral and found out how much energy you actually store.)

On a more serious technical note, there was an interesting claim that you can use measurements of gzip's compression efficiency on various files in order to detect, in a statistically significant way, what language and document type they are, and even who wrote them. I got several e-mail messages about this result, but I haven't found a good link to a good explanation of it yet. If I see a link, I'll link to it. But that's an interesting claim, and it goes on to say something like "you can identify individual authors based on how well gzip compresses their works" (so we could just look at the sizes of federalist.1.txt.gz, federalist.2.txt.gz, etc., to sort out the authorship controversy?).

I tried running something like 

#!/usr/bin/python

compression_level = 9
import zlib, sys

results = {}

def entropy(s):
	# return zlib's estimate of the compression efficiency of s
	# (measured in bits per character)
	return len(zlib.compress(s, compression_level))*8.0/len(s)

for i in sys.argv[1:]:
	try:
		e = entropy(open(i,"r").read())
		results[e] = i
	except:
		pass

k = results.keys()
k.sort()
for i in k:
	print ("%.6f"%i), results[i]

and nothing jumped out at me.

In completely separate Python news, Python threads seem very easy to use. Maybe I'll write some multithreaded programs soon.

I thought this discussion in my draft recursion appendix for my Python class 4 handout came out well:

There's a common saying in programming that recursion has to have a "base case" (to prevent an infinite loop). Some people interpret this to mean that there must be a number which gets smaller all the time and a different rule to handle the situation when that number reaches the "bottom". This view of recursion is somewhat too narrow; if you think of recursion as a loop, or as a trip through an enchanted forest, the point is simply that, if you don't want to stay there forever, there must be some way out, and you must be able to reach the way out. We don't necessarily have to say what the way out _is_. It doesn't necessarily have to be a "number always getting smaller"; maybe a fairy shows up and waves a magic wand, or maybe you find a door in the side of a stone, or climb a tree and are carried away by an eagle, or fall through a trap door and end up somewhere else entirely. The point is just that there should be a way out. And, if you want to get out, you should come to it eventually.

It's true that the most common recursion examples do use a variable which gets constantly smaller (or constantly larger), or a sequence type whose _size_ gets constantly smaller. But this form is not an absolute requirement. There are good reasons to write recursive code where the objects you're dealing with may well grow _and_ shrink, perhaps many times, before you've reached the end. (One common example is a queue technique, where you have a sort of to-do list. You won't be done until the to-do list is empty, but you may well add and remove things many times before you're done. Furthermore, the act of doing one thing on the to-do list may well involve adding other sub-tasks to the end of the list, so that the list actually appears to get longer, much as your room may temporarily become messier while you're re-organizing it.) There are even, in principle, sometimes good reasons in computer science to write recursive functions which don't necessarily terminate at all. You just wouldn't want to call them in an actual program with input which makes them loop forever, or you'll be waiting a long time for the results.

I had some success with udon noodles, shichimi togarashi, curry powder, green curry paste, soy sauce, teriyaki sauce, basil, bamboo shoots, baby corn, and sesame seeds. Problems: too much shichimi togarashi or curry paste, too little time cooking the bamboo shoots and corn. Also, I didn't have any tofu. But the teriyaki-shichimi togarishi-curry combination is pretty nice. It seems like some of the best-tasting sauce/spice combinations involve something sweet (hoisin sauce, teriyaki sauce, the House of Tsang stir-fry sauce) together with something spicy (curry or chilis).

I had no idea that the people killed in that plane crash were so young. According to 20 Past Midnight: 

  1959: Buddy Holly dies at age 22
  1959: Richie Valens dies at age 17
  1959: The Big Bopper died (all three in the same plane crash)

I wrote this helpful Googlewhacking code, which should assist you in automating your Googlewhacking searches.

(However, Gary Stock "consider[s] it unsportsmanlike; Google may consider it illegal". I didn't think of that before writing this.)

You can also use this module as a start to a Python equivalent of the Sucks-Rules-o-Meter. But my module is a quick hack; it's not elegant robust portable. 

#!/usr/bin/python

"""google module by Seth Schoen.
Defines method matches(L), which, given a list L of strings,
returns the number of hits for the search terms represented by
the elements of L which Google suspects would exist.

For example, google.matches[("superstitiores", "suadere"]) equals 1."""

import sys, urllib, string

def extract(line):
	n = string.find(line, "Results")
	o = string.find(line, "seconds.") + len("seconds.")
	return line[n:o]

def n(line):
	# A regular expression would be much nicer here!
	# Maybe it would be more reliable, too.
	e = extract(line)
	for repetition in range(2):
		n = string.find(e, "</b>") + len("</b>")
		e = e[n:]
	n = string.find(e, "<b>") + len("<b>")
	o = string.find(e, "</b>")
	return int(filter(lambda x:x in "0123456789", e[n:o]))

def contains(line, phrase):
	return string.find(line, phrase)>-1

def matches(terms):
	search = "http://www.google.com/search?q="
	search = search + string.join(terms, "+")
	for line in urllib.urlopen(search).readlines()
		if contains(line, "Results "):
			if contains(line, "Search took"):
				return n(line)
				break
	else:
		return 0

if __name__ == "__main__":
	x = sys.argv[1:]
	print x, matches(x)

The entire Linux kernel source will be read by a machine over an Internet radio station. There is something very interesting about this; it reminds me of the sort of clever and original thing that we imagine happened in the past "before the assimilation of x to private enterprise". (This kind of phrase is a sort of meta-Leonardonics.)

I took the 12 Folsom out and had a huge lunch at the India Garden on Folsom, then walked in a loop to Trader Joe's and Rainbow, and caught the 12 Folsom back home. This led to my finding out experimentally where the DNA Lounge is, which is good to know because I'm hoping to go to CodeCon later this month.

Now I have a large case of soymilk and some other food items, and I'm extremely full. And I got a big box of Next to Godliness laundry detergent, which should last over a year. (I've never managed to use up one of those boxes; I always moved before it was gone, or lost it, or gave it away!)

There's an antiquarian book fair coming up in San Francisco next weekend.

There's an interesting article mentioned in (East Bay) Zack's diary about Richard Register. Maybe I will pick up those Jane Jacobs books and start trying to get a perspective on city planning. Some of the most interesting people I know are architects.

"People found the city because they love other people."

(Dar Williams, "Mortal City")

Register thinks that cities should be dense and small, so that people can use public transit and so that they won't sprawl and consume lots of land area.

It's interesting to think about different factors which have environmental impacts (and also affect the cost of living in a city, and the subjective feeling, and the appearance and culture of the city). So one thing is how much land is used; another is how the land is used; another is whether people have to drive; another is how fast the transportation is; another (stressed by Jane Jacobs, I remember) is how well commingled different kinds of things are.

One nice thing about the Mission District is that there are restaurants, supermarkets, laundromats, and similar things near my home. That means that I don't need to drive or even take transit to get to those things. But that doesn't mean that the Mission is particularly dense or that it's laid out the way Richard Register might prefer.

Jeff Waugh's signature points out that, because GDK stands for GTK Drawing Kit and GTK stands for GIMP Tool Kit and GIMP stands for GNU Image Manipulation Program and GNU stands for GNU's Not Unix, GDK is an acronym for "GNU's Not Unix Image Manipulation Program Tool-Kit Drawing-Kit".

I continued my tradition of sending long letters to women. Since 1997, I have sent at least 400 pages in just seven letters to women (and I suspect that the true number is closer to 500 pages). That's far from all of my letters to women in that period, and only includes paper, not e-mail.

Someone might suspect from the lengths and genders involved that many of these were love letters, but as far as I can tell, only one of those I mentioned was meant that way.

And he said, Do it the second time. And they did it the second time. And he said, Do it the third time. And they did it the third time.

(1 Kings 18:34 (KJV))

I remember, two years ago, making a digression from one very important conversation into another. The second conversation pertained to a trend toward technology products which were hard to understand or modify, and a culture which had begun to stigmatize understanding and improving technology (instead of praising it as creative or innovative). I'm working on a concept now which I think summarizes this trend and others, and I'm thinking about the idea of "guild freedoms". More on this later, I think.

Zack took me to Ti Couz.

In a conversation about Darren Lo, I mentioned The World's Most Complicated Card Trick.

I went to a CalLUG meeting where there was a presentation by these people (Springbox) which was actually among the best presentations I've ever seen at a CalLUG meeting. (I hadn't heard of Springbox before, and I thought it might be "yet another product pitch" -- but it was actually extremely technical.) Maybe I was just biased because there was actual Python code in the presentation.

My impression is that the people behind Springbox are brilliant people with an excellent technology, very much work experimenting with and holding great promise. On the other hand, they seem to think like 1964-era MIT AI enthusiasts: they have the sense that if only we can collect and formalize enough facts about language in a gigantic database, we will produce software which actually has common sense and understands the real world. They do have a very powerful infrastructure for collecting many people's insights about many languages used in many different domains, within a single distributed database which collects syntax, semantics, and empirical facts under one roof. This doesn't mean that it can solve the problems of AI and understand the world!

The technology behind this project has been updated a bit from 1964, so there's Python, regular expressions, recursive descent parsing, object orientation, inheritance, polymorphism, modern computational linguistics techniques, symbol versioning, cryptographic signing, and even a peer-to-peer file sharing network. No kidding. And they've found legitimate uses for all these things, so they aren't just buzzwords. That might be the most impressive part of all.

I do want to take a look at this and maybe try writing some functions, er, symbols within their scheme, to see if I can attack some real problem. The syntactic stuff also reminds me a little bit of the declarative logic programming languages from SICP; I remember using pattern matching in Scheme to do a little phrase structure grammar thing back when I took CS61A (this is why everyone at Berkeley ought to take Ling 5 and CS61A at the same time -- two great tastes that go great together), but regular expressions from PCRE are SO MUCH MORE EFFICIENT than the pattern language in the toy database system they create in Scheme as an example in SICP.

I then pestered the speaker with lots of questions about how you would teach the Springbox system to understand Latin (word inflections, flexible word order, irregular verb conjugations and noun declensions), and he answered those very capably, showing that he'd really thought extensively about how to parse natural languages through formal methods. Then I spent a long time trying to Wake (him) Up From The Boolean Dream.

After that lecture, I went to Blake's with some people to see Sumana perform stand-up comedy (along with a few professionals who opened for her). She's really very funny, and I had a nice time, even waiting through the professionals' acts (many more jokes about drugs and sex, but wow, that bagel joke made my week).

French and Indian War, groan, snicker, these young upstarts who actually know something about history and politics... there need to be fewer drunk people in the audience.

Happy birthday to BookFinder.com.

My mom says that the "Forgotten New York" web site shows what I looked at when I was a baby (note, not what I looked like): Hunts Lane in Brooklyn.

Darn, after I said that the comedian made my week with his comment about liking bagels, Peter Junger goes and makes my week again:

It's not so much a matter of believing them as estopping them.

Mary Gardiner has a new policy for her diary. (I've never tried writing a diary policy; maybe I should create a List of the Terms of Service Under Which this Content is Provided to You.) The problem she mentions is an interesting one. I remember that Phil Agre was very unhappy about the Wayback Machine when I mentioned it to him. People who have been Internet users for a long time will be surprised, perhaps unpleasantly, when other people start to learn "ancient history" about their beliefs, activities, or lives.

I decided to draft a Terms of Service for the use of this diary. What do you think?

If I keep reading boing boing, I will have no free time left at all. But Google is having a programming contest where you can get a chance to win the use of your program on the actual Google archive.

Wednesday, on my way to work, I proved that n-input NAND is universal and also that n-input NOR is universal.

Given an n-input NAND, use NAND(x,x,x,...) to get NOT(x). Now use NOT(NAND(a,b,c,...)) to get n-input AND, and NAND(NOT(a,b,c,...)) to get n-input OR. You can get 1 and 0 in various ways, including NAND(x,x,x,...,NOT(x)) or AND(x,x,x,...,NOT(x)). You can get 2-input AND via AND(a,b,1,1,1...), and 2-input OR via OR(a,b,0,0,0,...). With two-input AND, two-input OR, NOT, and n-input AND, it's straightforward to implement any truth table by brute force.

You just write a sum of products, which is to say you start with an enclosing OR (you can get a 2^n input OR by cascading n-input ORs and applying 1 to any unused inputs), and apply it to a series of terms, each of which is an n-input AND which produces a 1 if and only if a condition corresponding to a particular truth table row is met.

For example, with two-input NAND, the brute force implementation of XOR, which has the truth table 

A B  result
-----------
0 0  0  ("AND(NOT(A), NOT(B))")
0 1  1  ("AND(NOT(A), B)")
1 0  1  ("AND(A, NOT(B)")
0 0  0  ("AND(A, B)")

will be OR(AND(NOT(A), B), AND(A, NOT(B))). This kind of synthesis should be familiar to anyone who has ever done synthesis from a truth table using AND and OR gates.

The brute force implementation of three-input XOR with three-input gates looks like 

A B C  result
-------------
0 0 0  0  ("AND(NOT(A), NOT(B), NOT(C))")
0 0 1  1  ("AND(NOT(A), NOT(B), C)")
0 1 0  1  ("AND(NOT(A), B, NOT(C))")
0 1 1  0  ("AND(NOT(A), B, C)")
1 0 0  1  ("AND(A, NOT(B), NOT(C))")
1 0 1  0  ("AND(A, NOT(B), C)")
1 1 0  0  ("AND(A, B, NOT(C))")
1 1 1  1  ("AND(A, B, C)")

or OR(AND(NOT(A), NOT(B), C), AND(NOT(A), B, NOT(C)), AND(A, NOT(B), NOT(C)), AND(A, B, C)).

Interestingly, three-input XOR is not universal, because it can be implemented with two-input XOR, and two-input XOR is not universal for two inputs, let alone for three. So we have two examples of gates which are always universal, when scaled up to any size, and two examples of gates which are never universal. (Actually, n-input AND and n-input OR are also not universal. Neither can produce even a single-input NOT.)

Oh, I left out the proof that n-input NOR is universal. OK, if you do NOR(x,x,x,..), you get NOT, and then you use that to get OR, and then you use that to get AND, and you're back in exactly the situation you had with NAND. That's not surprising.

Biella took me to SVLUG. Thanks!

Jim Tyre pointed out what happens if you sue yourself (in case you've ever wondered).

We have considered whether respondent/defendant/beneficiary should be awarded his costs of suit on appeal, which he could thereafter recover from himself. However, we believe the equities are better served by requiring each party to bear his own costs on appeal.

The judgment (order) is affirmed. Each party shall bear his own costs.

Oreste Lodi v. Oreste Lodi, 173 Cal.App.3d 628 (1985).

The Moffitt brothers came to visit, and we had a nice time.

Yesterday, I went to an EFF party and then to Kate's Harikuyo party in Berkeley. That was fun. I sat next to a woman who was playing an artistic game in which someone draws a letter and then you (the player) have to draw things which turn the letter into something interesting. It's essentially a test of artistic creativity.

So her friend kept giving her Roman letters -- which she did a nice job with -- and I decided to throw her a challenge by drawing some non-Roman letters (from the Greek, Hebrew, and Cyrillic alphabets). Sure enough, she did an excellent job with them. Michelle theorized that it's not actually harder to turn letters from a foreign alphabet into art than it is to do the same with own's own alphabet; that seemed surprising to me, somehow.

Capital sigma: a bowtie. Shin: an erupting volcano. Capital omega: a neuron (releasing neurotransmitters into a synapse). And so on. I forgot what she did with the aleph, but all of her work was very impressive.

I stayed over in Berkeley and then went to Berkeley Bowl in the afternoon on my way back to San Francisco. There, I ran into Sumana and Leonard! The former had just taken the CBEST, and showed me a notice which prohibited her from disclosing any part of the test to anyone else (presumably including that notice, which reminds me of one of the things I disliked about the Linuxcare severance agreement which I have yet to sign).

Americans have such a compulsion to follow directions printed on stickers and signs and warning labels! It's so bad that we can actually believe that shrinkwrap licenses create valid contracts, which is complete nonsense.

On the other hand, CBEST claims that test takers have already agreed to a variety of rules, including a non-disclosure agreement, before they even arrive at the testing center. Can this be true? Wouldn't Sumana have heard about it if it were?

Sumana complained that, on a test of beliefs about personal identity and survival,

only at the last question did I find out that, hypothetically, I have a "soul" that only lives whilst my body lives, and that upon my death is reborn in some new body, and that dies with no hope of rebirth if I'm cryogenically frozen. (Whew!) This would have changed my answer to the previous questions (e.g., "shall we destroy your body and recreate it elsewhere or shall we transport your body physically?"), since I had been operating on the there-is-no-soul assumption. It's completely consistent for me to change my beliefs when I receive new information! I've been assessed unfairly!

and that was exactly my problem and exactly the reason I failed to survive.

I had a nice time on Sunday. I went with Zack to India Garden (hmmm, I continue to like spicy food much better than he does) and to Central Computer, where we didn't buy any computers, but I bought a PS/2 to AT keyboard adapter and also an AT to PS/2 keyboard adapter (although probably what I wanted was two AT to PS/2 adapters). The adapter is working well -- right now, I'm finally using my wonderful Model M keyboard. Click! Click! Click!

I really like these firm keyboards, and I've found (and some people have said) that they're more comfortable to type on. I know that I can type faster on a Model M than on any other keyboard I've ever used; maybe that's not a good thing. But it feels better and more natural. I've been starting to think about wrist angles, and the angles I seem to form with a Model M are not right but somehow not necessarily as extremely wrong as with other keyboards.

I also met up with Anirvan at the book fair at 7th and Brannan (it would have been at 8th and Brannan, but that half of the convention hall was taken up with the bridal expo). He'd just come from the Alternative Press Expo -- or APE -- where he'd picked up a huge number of comic books.

The ABAA's major California book fair alternates between San Francisco and Los Angeles, so that it's like 

def abaa_book_fair_location():
	if year%2:
		return "San Francisco"
	else:
		return "Los Angeles"

Currently, not year%2, so the big fair is in Los Angeles and a much smaller fair (with about half as many dealers) is held in San Francisco one week later. The big fair supposedly gets about 250 exhibitors and the smaller fair about 150.

I saw some dealers I knew (or who knew my father) and got to look through the copy of De non necandis ad epulandum animantibus, which I mentioned in my Advogato diary when I saw it at the fair last year. (The dealer, Hosea Baskin, who showed it to me then was back again for this fair. He's from Northampton.)

One thing I saw in that text was a selection of typographic contractions in Greek. So there are lots of abbreviations and combinations of letters which are printed in certain ways in old Latin (or other Roman alphabet) printing. For example, "et" is often abbreviated "&" -- even when it's not a word by itself -- so you could see things like "all the l&ters of an alphab&". (But some printers seemed to feel that "&" should stand for the word for "and" in the language which was being printed -- so you might see "I wanna hold your h&". Some people still do this in their own personal shorthand notations.)

There are lots of other examples; I have a handbook which gives a table of common abbreviations in Latin. Many people have seen an "n" after a vowel written as a line or tilde over the vowel, for instance. But I'd never seen abbreviations like that in Greek texts. A strange and interesting example was a (non-final) sigma inside a circle, for an "-os" suffix.

Michael Thompson, from L.A., was back with his history and philosophy of science and history of computation collections. These are very impressive; he had works by Boole, de Morgan, Vannevar Bush, Claude Shannon, and so on. (The Shannon book, The Mathematical Theory of Computation, 1st ed., which he sold me last year, was back again, at nearly twice the price. I do imagine that it's getting harder to find, and not just because I bought a copy.) He also had (again) the copy of Mind with Alan Turing's paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence": "I propose to consider the question 'Can machines think?' [...]"

Another dealer had some first edition Norbert Weiner titles and some late-1800s magic stuff which probably all cost an arm and a leg.

You can compare all this with what I wrote about last year's San Francisco book fair.

Anirvan talked to several people about BookFinder. All of them had heard of it, and most of them used it!

Anirvan and I talked about how expensive rare books are. Sometimes you can buy dozens of new books, or more, for the price of a single rare book. Examples are easy to proliferate; I have a Simon Finch catalogue and a Dover catalogue... (No, Simon Finch wasn't at this fair, though he was probably at the L.A. fair.)

I talked to my father's friend David Bayer (an avid book collector) a few years ago about why people wanted to have original copies of things when they could easily be photocopied and digitized. He suggested that I read Walter Benjamin's "The Work of Art in an Age of Mechanical Reproduction", which I still haven't done.

Nick says that Graybar Electric Company is worthwhile. I might try going there.

Michelle was talking to me about the mounting numbers of books I have which I haven't read. I want to remedy that. And I want to read particular things.

I made a list -- or better a pile -- of books which I want to read urgently, or at least as soon as possible. There are eighteen of them. Adsit omen.

It's difficult to sort these books into categories, but one way of breaking them down is as follows: Philosophy, 6. Social sciences, 4. Law, 1. Medicine, 1. Economics, 1. Performing arts, 1. Literature, biography, and memoir, 4.

I might read another book for work: Electrical engineering, 1. But I won't include that in my list of 18 for now.

Leonard's link to his song Three Years Ahead of the Japanese made me want to go back and check on what was happening to me around this time other years. So where better to look than my "poems" directory, where the filesystem preserves the date and time each piece was finished?

Unfortunately, there are some things there which I'm not allowed to talk about (however much I might like to!). But We Can Reveal that on Sunday's date four years ago, I was writing my California Mandated Reporting Song.

If you want to hurt yourself or if you want to harm your kid
(if you'll harm him in the future, or if you have said you did) [...]

zork went down on Sunday with some mysterious hardware problem, and Nick and I ended up making contact in strange ways -- I paged him, I hailed his character in TW2002, and ultimately he managed to e-mail me his phone number.

Anyway, it was almost midnight, but Nick didn't have an ATX power supply. It turned out that I didn't either. But a motherboard he had around (which turned out to have come from a slot machine!) had both AT and ATX power connectors. After a long effort, I managed to disconnect an AT power supply from a computer I had sitting around here. It almost seemed that the person who built the case had tried to make it as difficult as possible to extricate the power supply; problems just kept arising, one after another.

To take just one example, the AC power lines which lead from the power supply to the switch (screwed into the front of the case) turned out to be commingled and even topologically linked with all of the LED connectors which ran from the case to the motherboard. But those connectors turned out to be bundled together with zip ties, so that just unplugging them from the motherboard still left them connected -- topologically -- to the AC power lines. (I think this is pretty bad wiring practice, to twist live AC wires with low-voltage DC LED indicator leads.) So I had to cut the zip ties, which were in a particularly inaccessible place, in order to be able to unplug the LEDs and get their wires free and then get those free of the switch and then unscrew the switch and remove it and get the power supply out. Perhaps you get the idea, although I'm not particularly good at describing mechanical problems in words. Everyone who's even built and then un-built a PC will probably imagine the kind of thing that was happening to me.

I ended up taking a taxi ride up to Cortland with a bag containing a power supply, a pair of VGA cards, a screwdriver, a multimeter, and a CD-ROM drive. I got to see Nick and Elise's new place for the first time; it's above a video store, and very nice. (I haven't seen Elise in quite a while, either.)

Nick worked for many hours on zork, although I left after a little while, after I started to fall asleep over a copy of A Little Java, a Few Patterns, a book by the authors of The Little Schemer. (It teaches an amazing amount about object-oriented programming, and very little about Java itself. These computer scientists are really big on abstraction and generality; they say that The Little Schemer isn't mostly about Scheme, either.)

Using some of those parts, Nick got zork back up on Monday morning. Sorry if anybody wanted to read this diary or this entry earlier; I would have posted most of this entry if zork had been up.

Two more results to tack on:

  1. Any universal n-input gate can produce a 2-input NAND. Proof: Since it is universal, it can produce 1; it can also produce n-input NAND. Then NAND(a,b,1,1,1,...)=NAND(a,b), so it can produce 2-input NAND.
  2. A 2-input NAND can produce any universal n-input gate. Proof: The 2-input NAND can produce unary NOT (NOT(x)=NAND(x,x)). The 2-input NAND can also produce 2-input AND (which we know because it's universal, but we can also write it explicitly as AND(a,b)=NOT(NAND(a,b))=NAND(NAND(a,b), NAND(a,b))). Now, a 2-input AND and an n-input AND can produce an (n+1)-input NAND, because AND(x,AND(a,b,c,...))=AND(x,a,b,c,...). Therefore, 2-input AND can produce n-input AND for any x. Therefore, 2-input NAND can produce n-input AND for any x. But unary NOT and n-input AND produce n-input NAND, so 2-input NAND can produce n-input NAND. We already know from earlier that n-input NAND is universal.

This shows that "being a universal n-input gate" is exactly equivalent to "being able to produce 2-input NAND"! If you can produce 2-input NAND, you will be universal; if you can't, you won't.

I'm hoping to find some inductive rules along the lines of "if you take a universal n-input gate and [...], you will get a (non-)universal (n+1)-input gate" or "if you take a non-universal n-input gate and [...], you will get a (non-)universal (n+1)-input gate".

If I could find enough such rules, they might be broad enough to give a recursive decision procedure to determine whether any given gate is universal.

So one example is "if you take a universal gate and add a new input which is ignored, you will get a universal gate".

It seems that adding a new input can always be seen as composing gates in some way (although I haven't thought out how to write that), so there might be some inductive rules about composing gates with one another.

I spent a while talking to a new EFF volunteer, who's going to start next week.

In the evening, I went over to Berkeley to hear the lecture by James Bamford. He's the author of The Puzzle Palace and Body of Secrets. I stopped off at Soda Hall first, and there I saw several people I knew from undergraduate life or from CalLUG. Some of them are going to graduate!

The Bamford lecture was fascinating; Bamford told all sorts of stories about the NSA (even in the unclassified world, that place accumulates anecdotes like a huge anecdote magnet) and about his FOIA experiences. The NSA twice attempted to have him prosecuted criminally for his work in writing The Puzzle Palace, but eased off a bit in the preparation of Body of Secrets.

Bamford astonished the audience by telling them about the Northwoods plan ("Justification for US Military Intervention in Cuba"), in which the Joint Chiefs of Staff contemplated making terrorist attacks in order to frame Cuba and provide a pretext for an invasion to topple Fidel Castro. I knew about Northwoods because it was reported on Cryptome; most people in the audience hadn't heard the story, and gasped as Bamford quoted some of the possibilities the government had been contemplating. (This was an example he gave for the importance of FOIA and of independent investigative journalists. He encouraged public policy students to consider becoming journalists themselves.)

I spotted John Gilmore at the lecture, and tried to catch up with him; I ended up falling in with a whole cypherpunk krewe which had turned out to catch the event, and we ate dinner together at a Thai restaurant on Northside. I met Prof. David Wagner in person for the first time.

I had heard of or seen most of the people who were present at dinner, but I still had a hard time putting names to faces. The company was extraordinarily geeky, smart, and accomplished.

I talked about GNU Radio with some of the people involved, and discussed the influence that the project might or might not have on the BPDG.

Dave Del Torto, on the dietary habits of people at the dinner table: "We have an echelon of carnivores over here."

James Bamford, on the difficulties of researching the NSA: "I couldn't get a lot of senior officials to talk to me. In many cases, the problem was that they were dead. ... So, I found a way around that."

"Nobody's suing people who actually infringe copyrights anymore. Everyone is suing people who make devices," Lemley said. "The [studios] are going after the creation of new technology."

(Mark Lemley, in the L.A. Times)

Andrea saw me on TV -- the Bamford lecture was covered by local TV news, and they had shots of the audience.

I had a nice time at BayFF and saw many old friends and unindicted co-conspirators. (I haven't been indicted either, so that's nice.)

There were lots of Linux people there, and people from other connections. The audience asked nice questions and the EFF lawyers gave good answers.

I didn't get to give my "In 1995, I read a virus" commentary on the expressive content of code. I'm hoping that, if I tell enough lawyers about it, the phrase "In 1995, I read a virus" may make it into some law review article.

I met Eric Blossom of GNU Radio fame, and went to dinner for the second night in a row with a bunch of freedom-loving geeks in Berkeley, although it was a completely different crowd with no overlap at all. The people who went to Bamford's talk were just not the same people who went to EFF's talk, which doesn't quite make sense to me.

"Will you read me a story?"

"Read you a story? What fun would that be? I've got a better idea: let's tell a story together."

(Photopia)

I saw Nathaniel at BayFF, and he told me about the paper "Language Trees and Zipping", by Dario Benedetto, Emanuele Caglioti, Vittorio Loreto. I wrote about this a few days ago, and it turns out that I got it wrong. I thought it was just about compression ratios; it's actually about something much more subtle. So I'll have to try to experiment with that a little more.

Given a universal n-input gate, adding an ignored input yields a universal (n+1)-input gate. That is, if U(a,b,c,...) is universal, then U_new(a,b,c,...,N)=U(a,b,c,...) is also universal.

So, I've been studying what happens if you compose a new 2-input gate with a universal gate (not vice versa, yet). I found some straightforward results. Let U(a,b,c,...) be a universal n-input gate from which we will produce a new (n+1)-input gate which takes the inputs a,b,c,... and the new input N by using some 2-input gate with inputs U(a,b,c,...) and N. Then

There are probably only sixteen ways to combine U and N this way, although some of those I've given are actually trivially equivalent, like (NOT U) XOR N and U XOR NOT N, which I examined as separate cases but which always yield exactly the same value.

The problem is that there are sixteen ways to combine U and N by composing 2-input gates with U. (Perhaps there are more and I've miscounted.) But there are many other possibilities for what a new input could "do" to a universal gate, aside from just being an input to a gate composed with it. I don't have a convenient notation for many of these. 

PRO-ANOREXIA SITES RAISE CONCERNS
A growing number of sites devoted to promoting anorexia is
raising concern among health officials.  Groups have begun
to take their concerns to ISPs and content providers with
sites such as Yahoo! removing such content citing them as
harmful or threatening.
<http://www.latimes.com/technology/la-000010755feb12.story>

One of the amazing things about free speech and maybe about the large world of the Internet is that it sometimes seems to be only a matter of time before a seemingly universal consensus is broken by somebody who advocates what had seemed like a problem to everyone else. (Compare Artists for Earthquakes, the Bay Area's leading seismicity advocacy group. SF Weekly coverage, Pigdog Journal coverage. Fortunately, Artists for Earthquakes is a joke. The pro-ana sites aren't, as far as I can tell. Somehow I am reminded of the disclaimer I saw in one edition of Scot's Discoverie of Witchcraft where Scot talks about how to kill birds and bring them to life again. One editor felt compelled to tell people that Scot's method wasn't reliable and, in any case, was cruel to animals. This is true; the editor seemed to feel that such was the power of Scot's narrative that it might actually seduce some would-be present-day charlatans into attempting to kill and revive birds using King James-era magicians' methods. Or again when people describe pyrotechnics recipes and some of them are reprinted -- we are always tempted to say "Do not try this at home; anorexia may be hazardous to your health (and is cruel to animals)".)

(Sumana wants to create abiding works. Don't you?)

There is a high school ritual of writing essays about the unintended truth of the poem "Exegi monumentum aere perennius". Everyone gets to make the observation that Horace spoke truer than he knew, because even the things he held up as metaphors for permanence ("cum tacita virgine pontifex") did not last as long as his own poetry. It's not a very original observation, since it seems to appear in every discussion of "Exegi monumentum aere perennius". So a different lesson from this poem -- outside the "Horace did achieve what he claimed to have achieved" -- might be the difficulty in getting a sense of eternity.

Stewart Brand talks a lot about this in The Clock of the Long Now (I've just ordered Time and Bits, which will be very interesting). We tend to think of long time spans in terms of the accumulated small changes in things we know, but it seems that those things may not even exist in a few hundred years. (We expect to be able to watch the progress of state changes on an object to which we hold a reference, only to find that the object has passed out of scope and been garbage collected. Insert "scrap heap of history" joke here.) I was told yesterday by a Russian I encountered in Soda Hall that it was funny that we spend so much time studying U.S. history, because "U.S. history is so short! My city is older than your country".

Rome was already getting up toward Moscow's present age when Horace wrote, yet Rome fell, too, and the current "city of Rome" has very little cultural, civilizational, political continuity with the ancient Rome.

NOUVEAU venu, qui cherches Rome en Rome
Et rien de Rome en Rome n'aperçois,
Ces vieux palais, ces vieux arcs que tu vois,
Et ces vieux murs, c'est ce que Rome on nomme.
Vois quel orgueil, quelle ruine: et comme
Celle qui mit le monde sous ses lois,
Pour dompter tout, se dompta quelquefois,
Et devint proie au temps, qui tout consomme.
Rome de Rome est le seul monument,
Et Rome Rome a vaincu seulement.
Le Tibre seul, qui vers la mer s'enfuit,
Reste de Rome. O mondaine inconstance!
Ce qui est ferme, est par le temps détruit,
Et ce qui fuit, au temps fait résistance.

THOU STRANGER, which for Rome in Rome here seekest,
And nought of Rome in Rome perceiu'st at all,
These same olde walls, olde arches, which thou seest,
Olde Palaces, is that which Rome men call.
Behold what wreake, what ruine, and what wast,
And how that she, which with her mightie powre
Tam'd all the world, hath tam'd herselfe at last,
The pray of time, which all things doth deuowre.
Rome now of Rome is th' onely funerall,
And onely Rome of Rome hath victorie;
Ne ought saue Tyber hastning to his fall
Remaines of all: O worlds inconstancie.
That which is firme doth flit and fall away,
And that is flitting, doth abide and stay.

(Bellay/Spenser; the translation is remarkably literal!)

Don Marti gave me some "Open / DRM-free technology" stickers. They are great! EFF will be passing some out at the RSA conference. I'll try to bring a few to CodeCon.

I'm trying to confirm a certain claim about the North Korean government. That government hasn't been much help, but I found its official news agency (with a web site located in Japan, because there's apparently no Internet service to North Korea). Take a look at a few days' headlines; they are fascinating reading.

In 1998, the poem "Mardi Gras (Shoulders of Giants; A Summoning)", when for Carnaval I went up onto a mountain to talk to my dead.

Did you ever invoke your dead and pour them a libation? When you were a rationalist and a materialist?

In 2000 -- give or take a few days -- the Chinese New Year celebration and the parade and the endless dragon, and the people who are all going somewhere and who all have purpose in life, and all have context in their lives. I ask her to climb up on my shoulders to see better, and she refuses. Did she not believe that all of her horizons in every direction would have given way? I am about to invite her for Valentine's Day, am making plans.

In 2001, I hear Professor Lessig, and I correspond with Jim Tyre. I have already decided to move to Shotwell Street and have been trying to pack.

The January CPTWG antitrust benediction by Bob Schwartz ("Fifty Ways to Set a Standard", to the tune of "Fifty Ways to Leave Your Lover") is now on-line.